02832cam a2200337 i 4500 362490834 TxAuBib 20140814120000.0 081009s2009||||||||||||||||||||||||eng|u 2008043132 9780826345875 0826345875 9780826345868 hardcover : alk. paper 0826345867 hardcover : alk. paper (OCoLC)262452837 TxAuBib rda Britten, Thomas A. The Lipan Apaches : people of wind and lightning / Thomas A. Britten. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 2009. xv, 336 pages : illustrations, maps ; 24 cm. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (pages 295-322) and index. "Despite the significant role they have played in Texas history for nearly four hundred years, the Lipan Apaches remain among the least studied and least understood tribal groups in the West. Considered by Spaniards of the eighteenth century to be the greatest threat to the development of New Spain's northern frontier, the Lipans were viewed as a similar risk to the interests of nineteenth-century Mexico, Texas, and the United States. Direct attempts to dissolve them as a tribal unit began during the Spanish period and continued with the establishment of the Republic of Texas in 1836. From their homeland in south Texas, Lipan migratory hunter-gatherer bands waged a desperate struggle to maintain their social and cultural traditions amidst numerous Indian and non-Indian enemies. Government officials, meanwhile, perceived them as a potential danger to the settlement and economic development of the Rio Grande frontier. Forced removal from their traditional homelands diminished their ability to defend themselves and, as they attached themselves to the Mescalero Apaches and the Tonkawas, the Lipans faded from written history in 1884." "Thomas Britten has scoured U.S. and Mexican archives in order to piece together the tangled tribal history of these adaptable people, emphasizing the cultural change that coincided with the various migrations and pressures they faced. The result is an interdisciplinary study of the Lipan Apaches that focuses on their history and culture, their relationships with a wide range of Indian and non-Indian peoples, and their responses to the various crises and burdens that seemed to follow them wherever they went."--BOOK JACKET. 20140814. Indians of North American . Lipan Indians Historiography. Lipan Indians Ethnic identity. Lipan Indians Social life and customs.